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| Austria | Second immigration high | 1990 | The foreign population in Austria more than doubled between 1987 and 1994 from 326.000 to 713.000.
... more ...> The highest net immigration was between 1990 and 1993 with a mean net immigration of 80.500 per year - i.e. more than 1% of the Austrian native population. ... less ... | Bauboeck and Perchinig 2003: 12 | N/A | N/A | Legal entry and stay | Contextual elements | All migrants | All foreign nationalities | N/A | N/A | | view |
| Austria | Asylum seekers allowed to work immediately | 1990 | Since January 1990, asylum seekers are allowed to enter the labour market as soon as they have filed ... more ... their application and those who are unable to find work can then register as unemployed.
> However, they are only granted a work permit if neither an Austrian national, nor a third-country-national with an entitlement to unemployment benefits, nor an EU- or EEA-citizen, nor a
Swiss or Turkish-citizen (because of association agreement), nor a third country-national with labour market access or a working permit could be found for the job - this procedure is called "Ersatzkraftverfahren". ... less ... | SOPEMI 1991: 30 | Major change | National policy | Legal entry and stay | Work visa/permit | Refugees, asylum seekers and other vulnerable people | All foreign nationalities | N/A | Less restrictive | | view |
| Austria | military to support border guards | 1990 | Decision by the Council of Ministers of 4 September 1990 - to send military support to border guards ... more ... controlling the eastern border with the aim to curb the increasing number of economic refugees and reduce the problems linked to illegal border crossings
> This countermeasure against illegal
immigration was introduced in 1990 as a reaction to the fall of the Iron Curtain. However, since 1990, the decision has been extended each year. About 2,000 recruits in rotation spend six weeks of their military service supporting the Federal Police by controlling the east Austrian borders. ... less ... | Bauboeck and Perchinig 2003: 13; EMN 2005: 31 | Mid-level change | National policy | Border and land control | Surveillance technology/control powers | Irregular migrants | All foreign nationalities | Those coming through the eastern border | More restrictive | | view |
| Austria | Regularisation | 1990 | Regularisation for illegally employed foreigners
> So far, a unique step by Austria's policy m ... more ...akers ... less ... | SOPEMI 1991: 41 | Mid-level change | National policy | Legal entry and stay | Regularisation | Irregular migrants | All foreign nationalities | N/A | Less restrictive | | view |
| Austria | introduction of the federal maximum stock of foreign workers | 1990 | 1990 Amendment of the Alien Employment Act - anchors the federal maximum number (Bundeshöchstza ... more ...hl) of foreign workers in Austrian law: a maximum 10% of employees in Austria are allowed to be foreign citizens
> This number does not concern the amount of new immigrants, but the stock of foreign workers. This meant that many foreigners who were legally residing in Austria were barred from entering the labour market. ... less ... | Bauboeck and Perchinig 2003: 11; http://medienservicestelle.at/migration_bewegt/2011/05/25/neue-oste ... more ...rreichische-migrationsgeschichte/ [accessed on 01.07.2013] ... less ... | Major change | National policy | Integration | Quota/target | All migrant workers | All foreign nationalities | N/A | More restrictive | | view |
| Austria | creation of the working permit (arbeitserlaubnis) | 1990 | 1990 Amendment of the Alien Employment Act -
introduced the Arbeitserlaubnis (working permit) as a ... more ...kind of intermediary permit between employment permit and Befreiungsschein.
> An Arbeitserlaubnis (working permit) was given to the worker (not the employer) and was originally valid for two years for one of the Austrian regions. The reform also prolonged the validity of the Befreiungsschein up to five years. ... less ... | http://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/BR/I-BR/I-BR_03969/imfname_291177.pdf [accessed on 12.10.2013] | Minor change | National policy | Legal entry and stay | Work visa/permit | All migrant workers | All foreign nationalities | N/A | Less restrictive | | view |
| Austria | federal care for asylum seekers established | 1991 | 1991 Law on Federal Care for Asylum Seekers (Bundesbetreuung) was established - stipulating that the ... more ... federal government is responsible for health, nutritiona and accomodation of asylum seekers.
> However, there is no legal entitlement to these benefits. ... less ... | https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokumente/BgblPdf/1991_405_0/1991_405_0.pdf [accessed on 12.10.2013] | Major change | National policy | Integration | Access to social benefits and socio-economic rights | Refugees, asylum seekers and other vulnerable people | All foreign nationalities | N/A | Less restrictive | | view |
| Austria | first integration measures for asylum seekers | 1991 | Law on the Reception of Asylum Seekers of 1991 - introduced integration measures for asylum seekers ... more ...and refugees
> These should however be implemented by private and caritative bodies and are not a state-led process. ... less ... | http://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokumente/BgblPdf/1992_9_0/1992_9_0.pdf [accessed on 12.10.2013] | Minor change | National policy | Integration | Language, housing and cultural integration programmes | Refugees, asylum seekers and other vulnerable people | All foreign nationalities | N/A | Less restrictive | | view |
| Austria | introduction of safe third country and country of origin principle | 1991 | Law on the Reception of Asylum Seekers of 1991 - introduced the principles of "safe third count ... more ...ries" and "safe country of origin": If a refugee came from a safe third country or transifted through one, the application would be rejected
> Given that all countries surrounding Austria are safe countries, this made it possible to refuse all refugees that came on the land path. ... less ... | MPI 2003; http://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokumente/BgblPdf/1992_9_0/1992_9_0.pdf [accessed on 12.10.2013] | Mid-level change | National policy | Legal entry and stay | Entry visa/stay permit | Refugees, asylum seekers and other vulnerable people | All foreign nationalities | Those transiting through or originating from a safe country | More restrictive | | view |
| Austria | carrier sanctions introduced | 1991 | In Austria provisions on carriers liability were introduced in 1991 - a carrier has to immediately p ... more ...rovide the authorities with personal data on the "inadmissible passenger" and provide for his or her immediate departure.
> If the carrier fails to provide the required information it is liable to pay Kostenersatz(cost compensation) of ATS 20,000 (US$ 1,600). Although not formally a fine, in practice it is. If the carrier ensures the immediate departure of an "inadmissible passenger" no "compensation" has to be paid . ... less ... | MPI 2003; http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ACT34/021/1997/en/9b5d45f3-e9b0-11dd-935f-7f9f204a ... more ...e31f/act340211997en.html [accessed on 12.10.2013] ... less ... | Mid-level change | National policy | Border and land control | Carrier liabilities | Irregular migrants | All foreign nationalities | N/A | More restrictive | | view |
